Modernism in Design edited by ... free essay sample

Innovation in Design altered by Paul Greenhalgh This is an elegantly composed and exhaustive assortment of articles assessing various points entwined with Modernism, concentrating especially on Modernism in engineering and inside structure. Paul Greenhalgh was an individual from the Department of Research at the Victoria and Albert exhibition hall and a coach on the VA/RCA plan course. The point of the book is to recreate Modernism as a verifiable wonder to which is a thought that I concur with, anyway the book was exceptionally exhausting and unengaging. The book itself had little outline, where a photograph was possibly embedded when alluding to a particular, i.e (p.84) delineates Makarts studio just to represent the studio. When examining such a fascinating theme, for example, Modernism and particularly in Architecture the assortment of expositions could have been defaced by an all the more intriguing medium. The substance of the book was hard to follow, as the language appeared to be conversational or still in thought. The book is fascinating on the grounds that there is no inclination. It permits both the partialities and inclinations permitting the peruser to shape basic and thoughtful points of view. Innovation in Design and engineering developed in the repercussions of the First World War and the Russian Revolution. During the years between the World wars, Modernist plan and craftsmanship shared certain basic standards: a dismissal of enrichment and applied decoration; an inclination for reflection; and a conviction that structure and innovation could change society. Post war a large portion of the world should have been fixed. Individuals were living in annihilation and the world should have been modified. To proceed onward from the annihilation it additionally should have been updated. Which prompted the pioneer belief system of building Utopia. Configuration was seen to be able to change the awareness of the individuals who were carried into contact with it. For instance, if one somehow happened to upgrade a city, this would not just improve the ecological conditions off the individuals who lived in it, it would can possibly move their mental outlook(Greenhalgh, 1990 p.13) Modernism was not considered as a style however a free assortment of thoughts. For instance you were unable to name a plan itself as an innovator structure anyway the techniques used to make the structure could thought about piece of the pioneer development. The system prospered in Germany, Holland, Moscow, Paris, Prague and New York. A conviction that the human condition could be relieved or recuperated by new ways to deal with craftsmanship and plan. There are 12 recognizable center basic thoughts of Modernism which were recorded in the book:1. Decompartmentalisation 2. Social Morality3. Truth4. The all out show-stopper 5. Technology6. Function7. Progress8. Anti-Historicism 9. Abstraction 10. Internationalism/unversiality 11. Transformation of awareness 12. Philosophy In no specific request, I concur that internationalism/comprehensiveness and capacity, were two center thoughts exemplified in the pioneer period. We could state that the innovation development was part into two stages, the pioneer stage opening in the midst of the First World War, the second stage I will name the advancement of International style. Worldwide style was an effective exertion to make an assembled unmistakable style for the regular. With global collaboration the mission for a quiet world can be accomplished, this at that point prompts a general plan. Which is as yet noticeable in plan today that items can be seen the truth about all around, regardless of, key contrasts in language and time. While portraying the innovator development Greenhalgh utilizes language like middle class to depict the individuals legitimately included. Alluding to the pioneers as average this persuades this a specific gathering of individuals; whom I am inexperienced with, because of the way that I am not working class. In this way, despite the fact that, innovation influenced the world both legitimately and in a roundabout way, with long haul impacts; the individuals who straightforwardly profited would be those of working class or higher. A global language profited nobody aside from the individuals who every now and again voyaged abroad†¦and such individuals would in general be well off instead of poor Kettle, Tefal.Ive added another center basic plan to the pioneer development which is immortality. Greenhalgh alludes to agelessness as often as possible all through the readings however doesnt notice it as a center thought. Reflection, is, one of the center thoughts however, which permits me to accept that immortality was forgotten about deliberately. Pioneers themselves couldn't have had immortality as a typical thought without the advantage of knowing the past. How might you see a structure to be ageless in the event that you are living in the hour of the plan. Greenhalgh quickly kids about the advantage of knowing the past/time saw from the protected separation of the 1990s however doesn't really expound of how recipient knowing the past is while seeing the sequence of the Modern Movement in Design. I concur with idea that originators no longer structure for themselves, in the midst of and after the pioneer development. Post-innovation has for quite a few years commended the passing of the writer and concentrated its considerations on the job of the peruser. Everything is intended for the shopper as we live in an entrepreneur world (paying little mind to east or west) where prevalence rises to cash and cash rises to control. Greenhalgh begins by focusing on that in his referral to present day he doesn't mean new or now or contemporary or most popular trend however explicit approachs and conviction frameworks. In any case, in the readings it is obvious to me that Modernists thought of themselves as the new the now the contemporary the most stylish trend and appeared to dispose of the praise to their antecedents as though everything that they have made is completely outsider. Maybe, with the advantage of advancing right around 100 years into the future, I can see the development of plan. In spite of the fact that, I can recognize the transformative hypothesis of structure, with the advantage of knowing the past I can likewise distinguish where the essential principals and basics must be followed in plan.

What influences demand for housing? :: Economics

What impacts interest for lodging? There are many key factors that will influence the interest for lodging a portion of the simple ones to see are populace and cost. These factors impact loads of products as the bigger measure of individuals the more buyers there will be. With value a buyer will consistently wish to pay the most reduced sum for a decent. On the off chance that the cost gets to high, at that point they will locate a substitute. Taking a gander at populace in more detail it isn't as basic as it would first show up. You could simply say the open will purchase a house and the progressively open there will be there is more interest for the great. This thusly would permit lodging organizations to charge bigger costs thus just the rich can manage the cost of it. The issue is that individuals don't need to purchase a house they can lease one or offer one. Just as these elements they can apply for a new line of credit to purchase the house and pay it back over a time of time. Credit organizations charge intrigue and when loan costs are low more individuals take out credits as they don't need to take care of such a huge whole of cash. With bunches of credits organizations coming up, it has become easy for anybody to get advance whatever their experience resembles. Leasing a house should be possible from various perspectives. A few people make their vocation in it they purchase bunches of houses and lease them to individuals who are unfit to purchase a house. This is useful for individuals who are just in the nation for a brief timeframe, as you can charge them enormous sums on account of the area of your home. A few people don't have any cash whatsoever and are in an awful monetary state and are given a house/level by the gathering. They despite everything need to pay cash to live in the house however not exactly from private lease business. Private lease organizations are there to make a benefit and will charge more significant expenses what's more, have better quality products to coordinate. When taking a gander at value it ordinarily goes on a set example that as high costs implies less interest and vis versa. The issue was this didn't occur and taking a gander at figure 4.8. This is because of the low intrigue rates charged by advance organizations referenced previously. While tending to others factors you have to take a gander at the nation and is it experiencing a type of occasion. During a downturn people are think that its difficult to find a new line of work because of high joblessness. With this the interest for new house with people in general wouldn't turn into an extravagance that

This one goes out to the parent

This one goes out to the parent DID YOU KNOW? The city of Portland, Oregon was named for Portland, Maine. What a coincidence that Matts entry on thanking parents came on Sams Moms birthday! Happy birthday, Sams Mom! Anyway, you may have seen the MIT homepage today when you were like, ARRRRRGHUS!! I NEED TO KNOW IF I GOT IN TO MIT!! MAYBE THEY SPONTANEOUSLY DECIDED TO POST THEIR ADMISSION DECISIONS AT 10:37 PM TODAY! URAAAAAAAAAAAGH!! In doing so, you may have noticed that it was advertising the MIT Coal Study, an interdisciplinary work prepared by some of MITs most noted energy professors detailing the future of fossil fuels in the United States. Although renewable fuels and turkey carcasses are awesome and everything, considering that like 3% of our current energy comes from renewable sources, to be honest, we arent going to satisfy the 10^18 Joules per year that the US needs in a sustainable fashion anytime soon. So, until we get a big sustainable infrastructure in place, coalwith carbon sequestration in placemight not be a bad transitional solution. But speaking of sustainable energy, I just found out that [emailprotected], a student group started by Joe 08 and eventually joined by just about everybody Ive ever met, just won a $25,000 grant from MTVU and GE. Seriously! $25,000! Won by somebody whose house I have been inside! ARGH! All Ive been doing tonight is sitting in my room listening to Ween, meanwhile Joe 08 won $25,000 to save MIT. So I got this e-mail this morning from my 10.491: Integrated Chemical Engineering II professor, Dr. Gregory take your hands off the keyboard McRae. Dear 10.491 ICE Students: Yesterday in Washington we released the MIT Future of Coal report there was a lot of interest in the findings and especially the involvement of Course 10 ICE students. I will present a summary of the findings in class on Monday. In the mean time your can see the report itself at web.mit.edu/coal (See todays MIT spash page and in particular look at the Acknowledgements Section. You may also recognize the table of numbers in Box 1 of the Executive Summary they were derived from your answers to Homework problem number 1) or just a few of the press articles at http://news.google.com/news?hl=enned=usie=UTF-8ncl=1114446307 I will see you in class on Monday, have a good weekend and remember the final report is due very soon!! Cheers Greg Last years senior class had the opportunity to contribute to this report with their 10.491 projects. We, on the other hand, are still contributing to the future of coal research at MIT, because Professor McRae is kind of a big deal. But what have I contributed? Oh, basically nothing, I feel like! Ive been on grad school visits for the past 3 weeks, which are basically like CPW except with even more free stuff and free airfare, and swanky hotel rooms instead of the floor in my dorm room. Thanks to my visit to California last weekend, I now have sunburn to the point where my skin is peeling off, and its 30 degrees outside. Its surreal. I think my group would beat my face, if they werent all really nice girls who live in Next House. Anyway, the moral of the entry is that you shouldnt pick a Calfiornia school over MIT, because you will probably get sunburn and die. I had this rule that I would write a blog entry before I would allow myself to play Super Smash Bros. Melee tonight, but I think I should change that to write like 10 pages of our final report before I write a blog entry, before I play Super Smash Bros. Melee. Also, this entry will be updated by tomorrow morning. I promise!

Study Essay example - 650 Words

Read the article Diagnosis Coding and Medical Necessity: Rules and Reimbursement by Janis Cogley located on the AHIMA Body of Knowledge (BOK) at http://www.ahima.org. This article discusses how Medicare Carriers and Fiscal Intermediaries use coverage determinations to establish medical necessity. When the condition(s) of a patient are expected to not meet medical necessity requirements for a test, procedure, or service, the provider has the obligation under the Beneficiary Notices Initiative to alert the Medicare beneficiary prior to rendering the service. The Medicare beneficiary is notified via the Advance Beneficiary Notice (ABN) (see page 235 in Appendix B). The Medicare beneficiary may choose to complete the ABN and provide†¦show more content†¦Therefore, these codes should be used to identify stable angina and documentation should support that diagnosis. Further, around $20,790.00 has been written off due to ABNs not being issued for this cardiac rehabilitation service. Questions a. What went wrong in the revenue cycle? There was no revenue. Like it is listed above after auditing the remittance advice logs and medical records, the Revenue Cycle Team has determined that medical necessity is not being met for code 93798 (Physician services for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation; with continuous ECG monitoring [per session]) and around $20,790.00 was written off due to ABN’s (Advance Beneficiary Notice) not being issued. b. How would you suggest rectifying this issue? â€Å"This article discusses how Medicare Carriers and Fiscal Intermediaries use coverage determinations to establish medical necessity. When the condition(s) of a patient are expected to not meet medical necessity requirements for a test, procedure, or service, the provider has the obligation under theShow MoreRelatedCase Studies : A Case Study Approach Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesA case study is a specific instance that is frequently designed to illustrate a more general principle (Nisbet and Watt, 1984). Hitchock and Hughes (1995) further suggest that the case study approach is particularly valuable when the researcher has little control over evens. Case studies strives to portray ‘what it like’ to be a particular situation, to catch up reality and ‘thick description’ (Geertz, 1973) of participants’ lives experiences of, thoughts about and feelings for a situation. TheyRead MoreStudy Habits854 Words   |  4 Pagesyear level of students in sc hool becomes higher, their study habits differ from time to time. 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Classical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning - 1693 Words

In this booklet you will find an overview of all the different approaches to psychology. This will consist of the key assumptions, examples of the relevant psychologists and examples of their work, as well as an exploration into the advantages and disadvantages that some of these approaches possess. Behaviourism is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviours are attained through conditioning. Behaviourists believe conditioning occurs when we interact with the environment and that the environment we are in determines the way we respond to a stimulus. The behaviourist approach believes we learn behaviours through association between response and consequence. For instance, by touching a hot iron you will feel pain. Therefore, we learn from this, and know not to touch a hot iron as we associate feeling pain as a consequence of this action. There are two forms of conditioning within the behaviourist approach; classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Behaviourists believe that individuals are born without built-in mental content, known as a ‘blank slate’ and that all behaviours arise from experience or perception. Classical conditioning says that we learn behaviours by associating the response to the stimulus. An example of this can be found from the work of Ivan Pavlov. In the 1890s Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, carried out some experiments with a dogs. He noticed that when a dog eats food, they salivate: this is an unconditional response to anShow MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1204 Words   |  5 Pagesknown as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. These forms of learning are very practical and can be seen and used in everyday life. Classical and operant conditioning are different forms of learning which have importance in everyday life and can be found in advertising, PTSD, and even lifestyle changes. 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Furthermore, you will find different theories regarding behaviorism such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In order to understand the difference and similarities between the two of them examples have been provided. To fully comprehend in what Behaviorism consists of, modern applications examples of the theory have been also includedRead MoreClassical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pages 1. a) Define Classical Conditioning and Behaviorism. b) Identify the two major characteristics that distinguish classical conditioning from operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning is a type of learning process of an individual when they come in contact with certain stimuli. According to Pavlov, a Russian psychologist, he developed several experiments on learning and he discovered that classical condition is the basic form of learning for an individual. However, according to Pavlov, behaviorism

Israel A Blessing to All Nations Free Essays

â€Å"I will make of you a great nation? And you shall be a blessing? And all the families of the earth shall bless themselves by you† (Gen. 12:2-3). Israel is a blessing to the other nations. We will write a custom essay sample on Israel: A Blessing to All Nations or any similar topic only for you Order Now As long as Israel succeeds in informing other peoples and proving that Yahweh is God, it will be understood to be a blessing to these nations. The very examples often employed to dispel the idea of Israel’s being a blessing serve as evidence to support it. The plagues in Genesis actually prove that Yahweh is God to the Israelites and the Egyptians. In the infamous conquest of Canaan, Rahab and her family are spared because she acknowledges that Yahweh is God. Joseph gathers food to feed the Egyptians during the 7 years of famine. Throughout the Hebrew Bible, the Israelites relationship with other nations ultimately leads its peoples to benefit by the realization that Yahweh is God. At first, Israel’s relationship with the Egyptians does not seem to be a blessing; however, The Plagues result in the Egyptians ultimately perceiving Yahweh as God. God, so that the â€Å"Egyptians shall know that I am Lord† (Exodus 7:3,5), puts the Egyptians through a gauntlet, comprised of some of the worst conceivable ills that can befall man. When God states that He will bring down a hail storm, Pharaoh’s courtiers, â€Å"? who feared the Lord’s word brought their slaves and livestock indoors to safety† (9:20). This quotation signals a change in faith: previously, Pharoah’s courtiers did not pay attention to Moses’ premonitions. Gradually though, the courtiers begin to take notice of Yahweh’s power. Similarly, God vows to unleash locusts all over the land. Pharaoh’s courtiers become increasingly involved with Pharoah’s decisions and favor allowing the Israelites to leave: â€Å"? how long shall this one be a snare to us? Let the men go to worship the Lord our God† (10:7)! Examined carefully, the quotation reads † the Lord our God. † Even though the entire nation does not, Pharaoh’s courtiers accept Yahweh as their God. In a similar manner, Israel’s conquest of Canaan, at Jericho, reaffirms Israel’s status as a blessing. While hiding the two Israelite spies, Rahab confides, † I know that the Lord has given the country to you? for the Lord your God is the only God in heaven above and on earth below† (Josh. 2:9,11). Rahab is a harlot, whom one would presume to be anything but pious. When Israel destroys Jericho, † only Rahab the harlot and her father’s family were spared? and she dwelt among the Israelites? † (6:25). This quotation highlights two important notions: the author’s choice of stating â€Å"her father’s family,† can be interpreted as her immediate family or a larger group of people who also accept Yahweh. Secondly, Rahab’s † dwell[ing] among the Israelites† is a classic example of how the inhabitants of other nations remain and become a part of Israel. By remaining with the Israelites, Rahab embraces the fact that their God is the one and only God. Also part of Israel’s conquest of Canaan, are the events surrounding the city of Gibeon. Upon seeing what Israel had done to Jericho, â€Å"? the people of Gibeon had come to terms with Israel and remained among them? † (Joshua 10:2). This is yet another example of people from other nations accepting Yahweh and becoming a part of Israel. Without having directly experienced what Yahweh is capable of, the Gibeonites immediately identify Him as God. When Joshua arrives with Israel, and realizing what the king’s true intentions are, commands, † Stand still, O sun, at Gibeon,/ O moon, in the Valley of Aijalon† (10:12). Miraculously halting these supernatural forces, Joshua defeats all five armies and kills the kings. These marvels further strengthen the people’s faith in Yahweh and prove again that Israel is a blessing to the cities of Canaan. (israel proves to be a blessing to Canaan because it reveals to Canaan’s people the one true God) Proving that he himself is a blessing to the Egyptians, Joseph saves Egypt and its surrounding nations, from death and starvation. Joseph prophesizes that there will be â€Å"seven years of abundance? After them will come seven years of famine† (Genesis 41:29), and proposes that someone be in charge of gathering food to be used during the famine. Though Joseph is an Israelite, Pharoah puts him in charge of the life-saving task. Just as Joseph foretells, † There was famine in the land, but throughout the land of Egypt there was bread? So all the world came to Joseph in Egypt to procure rations? † (41:54, 57). In the above quotation, Joseph is portrayed as a godlike figure who saves the world from starvation, thus proving himself to be a blessing to the Egyptians and Canaanites. In addition to these cases, in which a named group of people (Pharaoh’s courtiers, Rahab, the Gibeonites) are enlightened to Yahweh’s existence, there are other instances in which unnamed groups of citizens proves Israel to be a blessing. As Israel finally departs from Egypt, the author describes how there are † about six thousand men on foot, aside from children. Moreover, a mixed multitude went up with them? † (Exodus 12:37-38). The author specifically mentions that â€Å"a mixed multitude,† which is understood to mean non-Israelites, joins the Israelites and recognizes Yahweh as God. In I Samuel, Israel is at conflict with the Philistines and has suffered a defeat because the Ark of the Lord is in Shiloh and not with the Israelites. Upon hearing Israel’s joyous shouts, the Philistines become † frightened† and question, † God has come to the camp? Who will save us from the power of this mighty God† (4:7-8)? The inhabitants of other nations previously refer to Yahweh, as † the God of Israel† or â€Å"the God of the Hebrews. However, in this quotation, the Philistines refer to Yahweh as if they are speaking of their own god, by omitting a distinction of whom He rules. After Israel captures Edom, â€Å"? all the Edomites became vassals of David† (II Sam. 8:14). Initially, this is capture is not seen as a blessing. However, after examining what nations ty pically did after capturing another nation, Israel is truly a blessing, because not only did Israel refrain from destroying, robbing, and murdering the citizens and the city, but instead appointed them to official positions. Israel’s conquests prove to be a blessing to other nations, as they allow the peoples to live by accepting Yahweh as God. Though Israel’s actions may not initially allow it to be apparent, Israel is a blessing to other nations. It is true that many people suffer, some innocently and others because they chose not to accept Yahweh as God. However, the Tanakh says it is much better to die with the truth, than it is to live in ignorance. How to cite Israel: A Blessing to All Nations, Essay examples

The Power of Art

Introduction Art could be referred as an expression of individual experience, the way world is understood, valued, observed and celebrated. The traditional method of classifying art has mostly been based on the products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Power of Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Artworks are identified in terms of inherent features found in them either as phenomena or objects. That approach leads to generic categorizations which are observed in drama centre, conservatorium, and art schools. Whatever is referred as ‘the arts’ currently, sometimes back they were essential part of daily life (Freeland 2002:8). Freeland has analyzed various philosophers and there contribution to different forms of art through their theories. His work focuses on history of art when it had no value until currently. His work therefore focuses the value of art and attempts to answer the ambiguous quest ion what art is and its meaning. In different dialects, no word could be used to collectively explain the range of creative activities. As a result of specialization this led to division of labor during industrial revolution, as a result, there was a specified time when one could identify that the arts were professional undertakings. The art was separated from the other life activities and became significant to some people. There are many critics involved in this field in an attempt to analyze the real value of art. Plato who was a known philosopher was among the first to explore the field of art. His work criticized poetry particularly focusing poets originating from his city. Plato viewed poetry and arts negatively as opposed to Aristotle who developed a theory on aesthetic basing his arguments on Plato’s ideas. Aristotle concurs with Plato that art had a deep impact on someone’s emotions.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get yo ur first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Plato argued that the fears and passions which are experienced by audiences during dreadful performances could affect their personality. On the other, hand Aristotle claims that such emotions never corrupt but they cleanse. Therefore, the view of Plato on poetry is a contrast of Aristotle’s concept. Platonic concept has a noticeable influence on Western civilization. Mainly it has focused on certain era in history, in an attempt to introduce some cultural strategies to transform cultural policy. His work challenges the Puritan attack around 1642 together with theatre prohibition in England. His work is diversified; Plato also caused a great impact on the understanding of poetry in the Western. This was when Plato invented the theory of poetical inspiration which brought about an outstanding change (Belfiore 2006:231). Belfiore has been involved in art work for a long time being the head of international cultural policy. Her work discusses on social impact of arts and its position in the cultural policy. In addition, her work challenges the claims which had been made earlier concerning the effect of art on the society and individual. Therefore, her work remains important until today because it explains the power of art and fights for its success. There are other theorists who also explored the function of art for instance, Carey who was a professor of art and also depicted as a critic. His work argues that Literature is superior as compared to other arts. His work criticizes some sources of art and challenges their contribution to the modern society. His work also challenges some literary sources because they appear to be vague and insignificant.Carey claims that literature does not entail just a feeling of pleasure as in painting or music which does not portray the difficult part of art. Further argues that it’s only literature which can instill good morals.Advertising We will write a custom es say sample on The Power of Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However Carey to some extent values art and reports that it expresses emotions such as anger, fear and desire (Carey 2005: 36). Hence there are different views on the function of arts as discussed by critics from the past decades until presently. The paper focuses on the power of art by assessing the function of art in the society. Background Creative arts (arts and media) consist of various sectors which were initially called cultural industries. These sectors include literature, visual arts and those arts which are performed. There has been drastic change in the government in terms of their attitude towards culture and creativity. Creative industry is a term which has been commonly used as a form of rebranding culture. Cultural industry was originally used to mean commercial entertainment such as recorded music, film, and publishing (Garnham 2005:19). Intellectual prope rty enables people to appreciate the products from their own creativity. This ensures that one has some goods or products to sell which enables one to exercise moral and economic rights over those products. Garnham reports that in United Kingdom, copyright is currently regarded as the major organizing principle in creative industries and it defines the cultural industries. Various types of creative activities such as engineering, academia and science generate intellectual property. Policy discourse includes copyright industries, knowledge industries and intellectual property industries. The policy discourse covers the media and the arts which are referred as the creative industries. The policy issues involved in this research were established several centuries in the disciplines of art and media. In the past, there was an obvious demarcation between arts policy and arts and commerce, and policy related to mass media (Garnham 2005:19).Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus there was provision of popular or mass culture, and the main issues were pluralism and press freedom, security of national film industry, and the management and provision of public service broadcasting. In United Kingdom, there was division of responsibility of the policy between Press industry and Department of Trade. Concerning the broadcasting and press policy, the development involved several Royal Commissions for Public Inquiries and press broadcasting. Mobilization of the term cultural industries to creative industries led to redrawing of various boundaries (Selwood 2000: 59). They included redefinitions of the foundations, instruments and purposes of the policy. Those changes caused economic arguments which are related to dynamics and the structure of the industries, their position and comparative weight within the economy, and so the relationship between industrial and economic policy and cultural policy. The shift of creative industry from culture industry was motivate d by certain political context which remains to be historical. In addition, it led to different focuses concerning the policy issue during early 1980s. This involved a shift from state to the industry with extensive assortment of public provision. That describes the reinforcement and the shift to managerial and economic patterns and language of thought in media and cultural policy (Garnham 2005:22). Great art discloses the importance of age in terms of, who produced the art and when. Hence it is essential to consider who initiated the creativity art and when in order to understand how it influenced the form. For instance, Mona Lisa which portrays the creativity and beauty of art was produced by Leonardo. This depicts the value placed on beauty and grace by Italians during Renaissance. It’s evident that Leonardo was a scientific observer mainly the nature, self-directed thinker, imaginative pioneer and more so brilliant artist. Most importantly, his work illustrated important concept of Renaissance which yielded to the current perception of individualism. To some extent, the charisma of Leonardo art indicates that it was produced by one of the pioneer who was regarded as creative genius in relation to contemporary sense. Leonardo sacrificed a lot of time working on the art; it took many decades to finish despite the fact that it was carried everywhere. No wonder it had the same fascination to many viewers and finally was placed in Paris museum. Finally it was recognized as part of French and Italian culture (Lewis 2008:5). Women’s images were omnipresent in America during the past century, everything was decorated. This was done through sculptures and paintings; they were involved in extensive and diverse activities which showed different identities. This depicted how they developed from symbolic and mythical nature to contemporary. Around 1870s, they painted nude women and others such as Ariadne who was acting a certain myth. In 1880s there were more poetic materials which predominated for instance, popular evidence is the book called ‘American Figure Painters’ (Hook 1996:1). Most of those paintings displayed woman as allegorical subjects and the titles used were evocative to show how women occupied an ideal or symbolic realm. The arts represented the feminine gender and how they were viewed by American society during 19th century. Idealized women paintings acted as sites of several interconnected artistic, historical, societal and cultural discourses. Those images could satisfy the artist’s meaning for art, and none of the other subjects could since their female complement were viewed to occupy a position which was similar to art itself (Hook 1996:7). Functions of Art in the society Cultural Industries (Arts and media) and Culture The idea of culture industry was first observed in academic, later in policy and political discourse around 1960s. That return originated from a resurgence of Western Marxism which concentrated on hegemony and ideology, and the reinstitution of Frankfurt School and generally cultural turn. Sociologically, that shifted concentration from assessment of class divisions and social structure to cultural analysis. Social cohesion was by then described according to common belief systems, social domination according to cultural supremacy and social struggles were never associated with economic power and material allocation, but was viewed as struggle between identity groups and sub cultures for legitimation and recognition. Nevertheless, the term cultural industry which was applied by that time did not signify replay of Frankfurt School. This was because it did not reflect the superior, cultural pessimism observed in Frankfurt School or even the unique version of Marxist economics which underpinned it. Moreover, there was replacement of traditional working class politics which were founded on production with cultural politics. Oppositional political practice als o shifted from trade unions, factories and political parties to the rock concert, the home and mainly the classrooms. To some extent, that position was connected to decisive rejection of cultural pessimism of Frankfurt School and commercial social democratic critique. That was mostly in American commercial, culture which favored positive revaluation, popular culture and treasonable decoding authority of audience. In addition, cultural industries led to emergence of a rival school dealing with analysis, it was later called political economy school. Those analysts originated from media studies and individuals who had participated in assessment of social democratic policy of film, the press and broadcasting industries (Galloway and Dunlop 2007:20). Creative arts have mainly caused a difference on cultural practices. It has eliminated class divisions and social organizations which brought divisions. As a result, social cohesion has been achieved through common cultural beliefs and distr ibution of resources hence more understanding and growth. Effects on Political Economy Concerning political economy, cultural industries emphasized on the unique nature of dynamics and economic structure of the cultural sector. This originated from immaterial or symbolic nature of the products associated with cultural sector. That assessment has been very significant during 1980s to 1990s when the liberalizing, deregulatory wave affected the British media sector. This led to some pertinence in a motion about broadcasting regulation and public service broadcasting defense which led to approval of Broadcasting Act in 2003 and instituting of regulatory body Ofcom. As a result, cultural industries or sector were characterized by increased costs of production which were fixed and minimal to almost zero marginal costs of distribution and reproduction (Myerscough 1988:87). This favored audience maximization, economies of scale, and horizontal and vertical concentration. In, addition, the d emand was unpredictable because the information had to be new to maintain value, hence the consumers and producers could not foretell what they wanted. The large corporations were favored since they had enough money to operate through economies of scale. Moreover, the cost of marketing increased in proportion to total cost (Howkins 2001:91). The market strategies which were developed to control the endemic problem focused on; the structure, and regulation of the entire sector and most significant indirect funding through advertisement. Therefore the debate of state intervention, privatization and regulation of cultural sector, price mechanism strategies could not apply. In addition, the issue of intellectual property and copyright industry (the other alternative of creative industries) also arise concurrently. Therefore, art brought significant difference on the economy which in turn affected the political stability allover. Creative Industries and Information Society The term creat ive has been used rather than cultural to indicate an effort of cultural policy and the cultural sector to share their ideas with the government, and the presentation of policy in the media and its attachment to information society. One major concept shared between information society and cultural turn school is the stressed issue on significance of cultural or symbolic production, commonly called knowledge or information according to capitalist economies. The extensive emphasis contains different analyses within it which focuses on the nature of that developing importance and various economic forms associated with it. Those different analyses lead to various assessments on significance of cultural sector in the area of media and arts, and nature and function of information work and workers. The concept of knowledge or information has led to industrial revolution which has brought significant cultural and social changes as justified by the term information society (Garnham 2005:27). Consequently creative art has had noticeable effects on information society through creating awareness and understanding. This is reflected in the media and visual art which have brought self realization. Function of art as aesthetic and expressing emotions According to philosophers, art expresses aesthetic concept because it copies nature hence it describes appearance. The discernment world seems to be unreal; however through appearance some reality is expressed. However, the world of art is described through the appearance itself. Thus the aesthetic experience is expressed through imaginations and the objects portrayed are the images. Plato acknowledged poetry and the significant identity depicted in painting. Plato uses such arts to describe beauty. On the other hand, Socrates describes art as beauty, and further claims that it’s an exercise of emotions. The philosophers argue that the emotionality of art is created through imagination. The imaginative idea is expressed a s real through a symbol (Collingwood 2011:163). The emotional art tends to be formed in the mind and then through symbolism it’s what one observes as the image. Therefore art is significant in creating such images which expresses beauty. Creative art has caused great impact on imagery through use of symbolism which expresses emotions. Also art expresses beauty from the images formed in the mind they become real through art. Hence art helps one to express beauty and emotions in various forms. Conclusion Some few centuries back, art was not regarded as important and was not recognized in the society. In fact, art was not even referred as part of the professionals that existed and there were no experts were associated with this field. As a result of industrial revolution, there was specialization which led to division of labor. This led to awareness of art and more experts started coming up. Art is an important tool in the society because it communicates societal values. Artists borrow their ideas from their society therefore artworks portray diversity of values and beliefs in different cultures. As portrayed in the paper, creative industry refers to media and arts which were initially called cultural industries. This department did not exist earlier since there were no approved policies to support it. Creative industry was disregarded and it required powerful critics to stand firm and fight for its approval. Nevertheless, there were policies which were later approved and the department became recognized. This brought many changes both socially, culturally and economically. Reference List Belfiore, E. 2006. The unacknowledged legacy Plato, the republic and cultural policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 12, No. 2, 229-244. Carey, J. 2005. What Good are the arts? London: Faber Collingwood, R. 2011.Plato’s Philosophy of Art. Retrieved from mind. oxford journals.org. London: metropolitan University Freeland, C. 2002. But is it Art? An I ntroduction to Art Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Galloway, S., Dunlop, S. 2007.A critique of definitions of cultural and creative industries in public policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 13, No. 1. Web. Garnham, N. 2005.From Cultural to Creative Industries. International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 11, No. 1. Web. Hook, B. 1996. Angels of art: women and art in American society, 1876-1914. Pennsylvania: Penn State Press. Howkins, J. 2001. The Creative Economy. London: Penguin Lewis, R., Lewis, S. 2008.The Power of Art. New Mexico: Cengage Learning. Myerscough, J. 1988. The Economic Importance of the Arts in Great Britain. London: Policy Studies Institute Selwood, S. 2000. The UK Cultural Sector. London: Policy Studies Institute This essay on The Power of Art was written and submitted by user Devin Mitchell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cricket and Politics Essay Essays

Cricket and Politics Essay Essays Cricket and Politics Essay Essay Cricket and Politics Essay Essay In South Asia during 1880-2005 political relations gained an unusual bedfellow. Cricket was introduced to India by Great Britain for a intent that was widely discussed. Some believed cricket brought their people together and incorporate different castes and civilizations within India and Britain. some believed the athletics was merely another manner for the British to govern over India and appear superior. and others criticized the spiritual nature nowadays in many of the tourneies. This issue could be better understood by including an article by a British common man who participated in the Quadrangular Tournament to do it apparent that they truly did desire to distribute faith and it wasn’t an overreaction by the Hindus or Muslims. It would besides be contributing to include an article written by an Indian opinion elite who was the chief beginning of any kind of political power or political dealingss with British elites so the reader can acquire a greater apprehension of the existent function of cricket in political relations and to see if there were any struggles over the solve issue of cricket during political arguments. To get down with. there were those persons that believed cricket was a consolidative force and was purposeful in conveying everyone together to merely play a athletics. These people had small commentary on any relation cricket could hold had to political relations whether there was a immense relation or non. In papers 3. an English cricketer tells how he believes cricket has a immense consequence on the colonisation of Britain. He says how cricket has the power to unify â€Å"the swayers and the ruled† and that it provides many different values to its participants. In papers 4. an Indian societal reformist Tells of a state of affairs where a group of upper-caste cricket participants allowed a low-caste participant onto their Hindu squad and how the athletics of cricket has truly played a immense function in the fusion of the Indian people. Since the writer of this papers is a societal reformist for the Indian newspaper they would desire to demo that they are of class making their occupation as a reformist and seting out effectual reforms. This could hold been a type of reform that was forced on the upper-caste members to let new members of different castes into their squads. They besides wanted to demo Indians that their state looked good and was respected in that they said. â€Å"let India cease to be the express joying stock of the whole universe. † In papers 5. another point of position is shown that clearly demonstrates how cricket gives a brotherlike feel to those who participate even if they are of different faiths. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the first leader of Pakistan and writes how Muslims should be rejoiced when winning titles of cricket. He uses absolute address here demoing he clearly has a side as to which squad needs to be brotherly toward the other. Stating the Muslims will decidedly win the tourney makes it apparent that they are non brotherly at all and that in fact one is clearly seeking to lift above the other. In papers 10. a really indecisive president of the Pakistan Cricket Board leaps back and Forth between whether the cricket games should take to war or whether it brings people together. He clearly negotiations of India and Pakistan as two different people and topographic points. He besides likely had to be highly careful with his words due to the fact that this was an interview and words could be twisted. This could hold been why he was leaping back and for with his sentiments and had a really scattered and ill-defined sentiment. In add-on. there were those who looked at cricket as a manner for British to govern over India even more and spread out the cloud of influence they had over Indian personal businesss. In papers 2. a image and caption is shown of the Prince of India that was shown in the London newspaper. This image depicts the Prince holding a restful clip playing cricket in a proposed visit to England. it should be taken into history that the trip has non been taken yet. The paper speaks on his behalf stating he is thrilled to be fall ining the English participants and that the squad. in bend was excited to have him. In papers 1. the Indian cricket participants signed a request and sent it to the governor of Bombay. India. The request was inquiring for the Indian cricket team’s Fieldss back that were utilizing it for Polo. This was rupturing up the Fieldss and destructing them for the cricket squad. Since the squad contacted the governor it shows that this was a political issue and that the athletics was going a affair of the authorities. It besides shows that the British had dominant control on what happened on the field and that they had first choice. Since British ruled India. this was merely another advantage they had over India. The writer could hold besides been seeking to do cricket expression like a more of import athletics than Polos so that they could acquire their field back. In papers 6. an Indian Natore XI cricket nine protagonist writes an article for their monthly magazine. Of class. since he is composing the article for the Natore XI he is bound to talk really extremely of the nine and stress his privation for them to hold their equality against the English cricket squads particularly during the old ages of 1925-1926 when tensenesss could hold been assumed to be high in India and Britain as India was forcing for independency. Finally. Indians and Pakistanis were angered by the continued engagement of faith in the cricket games during post-independence times. In papers 7. the Indian athleticss diary. complains about increased engagement of faith in the Quadrangular cricket tourneies. The column complains that spiritual fanatism is resent at games and that this has disturbed the peace but at the same clip. the writer refers to the field as sacred conveying a spiritual vibration into their ain authorship. British and Indian faiths were really different and the writer could hold been back uping Indian faith because their audience was chiefly Hindu or Muslim and non the British faith of either Christian or Catholic. In papers 8. Gandhi. an independency leader. speaks strongly of the Quadrangular tourneies and how he agrees that they should be stopped due to the spiritual issues. Gandhi supported peace and wanted independency for India but most probably did non desire to see it be done this manner. He supported the Hindu’s and spoke of how Colleges and Institutions should be playing against each other and non faiths. Gandhi does non turn to the political nature of cricket and Tells of sportsmanship which was neer truly present in cricket. In papers 9. a Hindu patriot is quoted in the newspaper Muslim India and speaks of how it is non right that the Muslim Indians are non heartening for their ain state but alternatively for Pakistanis because they are Muslim. This shows more spiritual engagement in the games doing it apparent that it’s non about the game of cricket but more about who it is acquiring in front and what faith wins. The patriot could be seeking to promote the Indian Muslims to hold more pride for their state and be dishonoring them into back uping the Indians alternatively of the Pakistanis. In decision. cricket was a immense factor in political relations and had many different point of positions on how it impacted life in India and Britain. Some were shaken by the political and spiritual nature and others felt it was a great manner to convey people together whether rich or hapless. In all. cricket was more than merely a game and greatly wedged British and Indian/Pakistani relationships.

Biography of Walter Cronkite, Journalist and Anchorman

Biography of Walter Cronkite, Journalist and Anchorman Walter Cronkite was a journalist who defined the role of network anchorman during the decades when television news rose from being the  neglected stepchild of radio to a dominant form of journalism. Cronkite became a legendary figure and was often called the most trusted man in America. Fast Facts: Walter Cronkite Known For: Broadcast journalist and anchorman who covered key moments in American historyAlso Known As: The Most Trusted Man in AmericaBorn: December 4, 1916 in  St. Joseph, MissouriDied: July 17, 2009 in New York City, New YorkEducation: University of Texas at AustinSelected Awards: Presidential Medal of Freedom, NASAs Ambassador of Exploration Award, Four Freedoms Award for the Freedom of SpeechNotable Quote: And thats the way it is. Originally a print reporter who excelled as a battlefield correspondent during  World War II, Cronkite developed a skill for reporting and telling a story which he brought to the embryonic medium of television. As Americans began receiving much of their news from television, Cronkite was  a familiar face in living rooms across the country. During his career Cronkite covered combat up close, putting himself at risk on a number of occasions. In less dangerous assignments he interviewed presidents and foreign leaders, and covered critical events from the  McCarthy era  to the early 1980s. For a generation of Americans, Cronkite provided a highly credible voice and a steady and calm manner during tumultuous times. Viewers related to him, and to his standard closing line at the end of each broadcast: And thats the way it is. Early Life Walter Cronkite was born in St. Joseph, Missouri, on December 4, 1916. The family moved to Texas when Cronkite was a child, and he became interested in journalism during high school. While attending the University of Texas,  he worked for two years part-time for the Houston Post newspaper, and after leaving college he took a variety of jobs at newspapers and radio stations. In 1939, he was hired to be a war correspondent by the United Press wire service. As World War II intensified, the newly married Cronkite departed for Europe to cover the conflict. Formative Experience: World War II By 1942, Cronkite was based in England, sending dispatches back to American newspapers. He was invited into a special program with the U.S. Army Air Force to train journalists to fly aboard bombers. After learning basic skills, including firing the airplanes machine guns, Cronkite flew aboard an Eighth Air Force B-17 on a bombing mission over Germany. The mission turned out to be extremely dangerous. A correspondent from the New York Times, Robert P. Post, who was flying  on another B-17 during the same mission, was killed when the bomber was shot down. (Andy Rooney, a correspondent for Stars and Stripes and a future CBS News colleague of Cronkite, also flew on the mission and, like Cronkite, made it back to England safely.) Cronkite wrote a vivid dispatch about the bombing mission which ran in a number of American newspapers. In the New York Times of February 27, 1943, Cronkites story appeared under the headline Hell 26,000 Feet Up. On June 6, 1944, Cronkite observed the D-Day beach assaults from a military plane. In September 1944, Cronkite covered the airborne invasion of Holland in Operation Market Garden by landing in a glider with paratroopers from the 101st Airborne Division. Cronkite covered the fighting in Holland for weeks, often putting himself at considerable risk. At the end of 1944, Cronkite covered the German offensive that turned into the Battle of the Bulge. In the spring of 1945, he covered the end of the war. Given his wartime experiences, he probably could have gotten a contract to write a book, but he chose to keep his job at United Press as a correspondent. In 1946, he covered the Nuremberg Trials, and following that he opened a United Press bureau in Moscow.   In 1948. Cronkite was back in the United States. He and his wife had their first child in November 1948. After years of travel, Cronkite began gravitating to a more settled life, and began to seriously think about jumping from print journalism to broadcasting. Early TV News In 1949 Cronkite began working for CBS Radio, based in Washington, D.C. He covered the government; a focus of his job was to broadcast reports to stations located in the Midwest. His assignments were not very glamorous, and tended to focus on agricultural policy of interest to listeners in the heartland. When the Korean War began in 1950, Cronkite wanted to return to his role as  an overseas correspondent. But he found a niche in Washington, delivering news about the conflict on local television, illustrating troop movements by drawing lines on a map. His wartime experience seemed to give him a certain confidence on the air, and viewers related to him. At that time, TV news was in its infancy, and many influential radio broadcasters, including even Edward R. Murrow, the legendary star  newsman of CBS Radio, believed television would be a passing fad. Cronkite, however, developed a feel for the medium, and his career took off. He was essentially pioneering the presentation of news on television, while also dabbling in interviews (once taking a tour of the White House with President Harry S. Truman) and even filling in as the host of a popular game show, Its News to Me. The Most Trusted Man in America In 1952, Cronkite and others at CBS put serious effort into presenting, live on the air, the proceedings of both major party political conventions from Chicago. Before the conventions, CBS even offered classes for politicians to learn how to appear on television. Cronkite was the teacher, giving points on speaking and facing the camera. One of his students was a Massachusetts congressman, John F. Kennedy. On election night in 1952, Cronkite anchored CBS News coverage live from a studio at Grand Central Station in New York City. Sharing the duties with Cronkite was a computer, Univac, which Cronkite introduced as an electronic brain that would help tally votes. The computer mostly malfunctioned during the broadcast, but Cronkite kept the show moving along.  CBS executives came to recognize Cronkite as something of a star. To viewers across America, Cronkite was becoming an authoritative voice. In fact, he became known as the most trusted man in America. Throughout the 1950s, Cronkite reported regularly on CBS News programs. He developed an early interest in Americas early space program, reading anything he could find about newly developed missiles and plans to launch astronauts into space. In 1960, Cronkite seemed to be everywhere, covering the political conventions and serving as one of the journalists asking questions at the final Kennedy-Nixon debate. On April 16, 1962, Cronkite began anchoring the CBS Evening News, a position he would hold until he chose to retire in 1981. Cronkite made sure he wasnt merely the anchorman, but the managing editor of the newscast. During his tenure, the broadcast expanded from 15 minutes to a half-hour. On the first program of the expanded format, Cronkite interviewed President Kennedy on the lawn of the Kennedy family house at Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. The interview, conducted on Labor Day 1963, was historically important as the president seemed to be adjusting his policy on Vietnam. It would be one of the last interviews with Kennedy before his death less than three months later. Reporting on Key Moments in American History On the afternoon of November 22, 1963, Cronkite was working in the CBS newsroom in New York City when bells indicating urgent bulletins began ringing on teletype machines. The first reports of a shooting near the presidents motorcade in Dallas were being transmitted via wire services. The first bulletin of the shooting broadcast by CBS News was voice-only, as it took time to set up a camera. As soon as it was possible, Cronkite appeared live on the air. He gave updates on the shocking news as it arrived. Nearly losing his composure, Cronkite made the grim announcement that President Kennedy had died from his wounds. Cronkite stayed on the air for hours, anchoring the coverage of the assassination. He spent many hours on the air in the following days, as Americans engaged in a new sort of mourning ritual, one conducted via the medium of television. In the following years, Cronkite would deliver news about the Civil Rights Movement, the assassinations of Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King, riots in American cities, and the Vietnam War. After visiting Vietnam in early 1968  and witnessing the violence unleashed in the Tet Offensive, Cronkite returned to America and delivered a rare editorial opinion. In a commentary delivered on CBS, he said that, based on his reporting, the war was a stalemate and a negotiated end should be sought. It was later reported that President Lyndon Johnson was shaken to hear Cronkites assessment, and it influenced his decision not to seek a second term. One big story of the 1960s that Cronkite loved to cover was the space program. He anchored live broadcasts of rocket launches, from projects Mercury through Gemini and to the crowning achievement, Project Apollo. Many Americans learned how the rockets operated by watching Cronkite give basic lessons from his anchor desk. In an era before TV news could utilize advanced special effects, Cronkite, handling plastic models, demonstrated the maneuvers that were being performed in space. When Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon on July 20, 1969, a nationwide audience watched the grainy images on television. Many were tuned into CBS and Walter Cronkite, who famously admitted, after seeing Armstrong make his famous first step, Im speechless. Later Career Cronkite continued covering the news through the 1970s, anchoring events such as Watergate and the end of the Vietnam War. On a trip to the Middle East, he interviewed Egyptian president Sadat and Israeli prime minister Begin. Cronkite was given credit for inspiring the two men to meet and eventually forge a peace treaty between their countries. For many, the name Cronkite was synonymous with  the news. Bob Dylan, in a song on his 1975 album Desire, made a playful reference to him: I was sittin home alone one night in L.A.Watching old Cronkite on the seven oclock news... On Friday, March 6, 1981, Cronkite presented his final newscast as an anchorman. He chose to end his tenure as anchor with little fanfare. The New York Times reported that he had spent the day, as usual, preparing the newscast. In the following decades, Cronkite appeared often on television, at first doing specials for CBS, and later for PBS and CNN. He remained active, spending time with a wide circle of friends that came to include artist Andy Warhol and Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart. Cronkite also kept with his hobby of sailing in the waters around Marthas Vineyard, where he had long kept a vacation home. Cronkite died at the age of 92 on July 17, 2009. His death was front-page news across America. He is widely remembered as a legendary figure who created and embodied a golden age of television news. Sources Brinkley, Douglas. Cronkite. Harper Perennial, 2013.Martin, Douglas. â€Å"Walter Cronkite, 92, Dies; Trusted Voice of TV News.† New York Times, 17 July 2009, p. 1.Cronkite, Walter. Hell 26,000 Feet Up. New York Times, 17 February 1943, p. 5.

Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Identification - Essay Example Politically, socialist parties in the United States began fairing very poorly in the run up to the general elections. For instance, in the year 2008, socialist candidates and their parties received less than two of the three socialist candidates. This is way below what other socialist candidates in other nations receive. In Germany for example, socialist parties gathered close to 50% of the total votes cast in each successive election since the 1970’s. There are several theories, however, that explain this phenomena in United States politics or governance. The United States has never had a feudal system. Other nations had hierarchical systems which was lead from the top by a supreme deity while at the bottom of the system lay the commoner. Such systems were discriminatory in nature since it gave too much power to the person at the top at the expense of the common man at the bottom. A good example of such a system is the United Kingdom which has always been headed by the Royal family members. Since there is no known history of such a system in the history of the United States, it would be difficult to establish one presently. Most United States citizen prefer or think that they live a modest lifestyle therefore can be categorized as living in the middle class. Even the filthy rich would like to believe this fallacy. This means that majority of United States citizens fear class systems since it would make them look different from others. They do not appreciate the fact that some of them may be superior or wealthier than others but would rather be seen as equal to one another. For instance, the head of state from one regime to another have all been seen or reported to be engaging in activities that are considered to be done by the regular person such as collecting firewood or swimming by the sea shores. Unlike other socialist nations, the United States workers were not mandated to from parties so as to be heard in the national elections. Instead, workers we re granted freedom to vote or run for office without necessarily forming a labor party. Additionally, many political parties were ready and willing to welcome any worker who had interest in running for a particular political office. This can be seen in the way presidential candidates woo workers during campaigns by visiting them at their work stations and extending a welcoming arm to anyone who would like to join the campaign as well as searching for potential votes. Absence of socialism in the United States has played greatly to its advantage. It has encouraged equality among its citizens whereby everyone is given a chance to be heard or participate in whichever economic, social or political activity he or she wishes to engage in. This means that everyone has an equal opportunity to battle on a level ground without outside interference or having unfair advantage. It has also brought the government closer to the people and therefore can easily address issues affecting the general po pulation since the government has hands on experience and is accessible to the people. 2. Die Welle It is a German film released in the year 2008 by movie director Denis Gansel. The term ‘Die Welle’ is a German word that translates to ‘The Wave’. Based on a real life story, aims to address the issue of Nazism and potential outbreaks of this group in future. The plot of the story is set in Germany in local German School which is attended by rich and very intelligent students as well as the teaching staff. It all starts when a

Ethical issues in Packaging Practices Research Paper

Ethical issues in Packaging Practices - Research Paper Example The world today has progressed towards being more consumer-oriented. One of the most important aspects of marketing is packaging basically since it portrays the origin of a particular product. From a marketing perspective it is important to ensure that the packaging is such that it allures the potential customers and increases the sales of the product. It is important to present sufficient information about the product on its package so that the customers have enough information before deciding to buy a particular product. However, several ethical issues surfaces with the aspect of packaging since in order to ensure proper sale values several factors are compromised with leading to unethical practices. Shrimp present four different ethical issues that are involved with packaging. The four issues primarily include representation graphics, information present on the cover or the label, safety of the packaging material and environmental issues. Graphics for starters, is the key factor which represents the product meant for sale. Some producers and marketers utilize pictures on the packaging case which do not appropriately represent the actual product and in most cases maybe misleading and present a false representation of the product. Labeling and providing information on the labels is another vital aspect of packaging a certain product. The information printed on the body is meant to provide sufficient details to the potential customers.

The Overall Concerns Of Resource Depletion Environmental Sciences Essay

The Overall Concerns Of Resource Depletion Environmental Sciences Essay Recently, people become very concern about the environmental issues. Our environment is our surrounding, its a gift that we have to keep , take care of and serve. One of the main problems that facing the globe is resource depletion .Resource depletion either it was for non-renewable or renewable sources, it has negative influence in both society and economy. Depletion of resources will make them very expensive. Or even after years from now we will not find resource to pay for .Many institution raise this problem up to aware people about this risk, a suggested solution is renewable energy. We should start thinking about the next generations. Renewable energy will be always there, there is plenty of it for present and future, especially because the world is facing continuous growing in population which is considered the main reason for resource depletion. Abstract: In this report we started by explaining the meaning of resource depletion. We mentioned some causes of this problem. The main three parts of resource depletion that we choose are fossil fuel depletion, water depletion and forest depletion. For fossil fuel we suggested renewable energy technologies as solution. We choose to talk about solar energy, wind power and hydroelectric power. For the water depletion we show how water is important .Also we discussed some methods to maintain water which are reclaimed water, solar desalination and rainwater harvesting. The third type is forest depletion and we suggested recycling as solution The meaning of resource depletion: Resource of depletion; its an economic word which mean all natural resources that divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources, have been exhausted within a region. Using the resources beyond its rate we thought any replacement for it is considered as resource depletion. The human nowadays use resources without care about if they can find it in the future for the new generation. The depletion of natural resources continues which have 11.8% of global environmental problem. An average of 23% of Imagine lands soils are degraded to the extent that their productivity is limited. 1% every year of the countrys forested area is going down. There are water shortages, and 100 high plant species are threatened during the dry seasons. Because of expansion and intensification of agriculture, among others also for reasons of commercialization and increase of global trade the pressure on the natural resources will increase. A lot of resources in the world have been decline a very year, such as fisheries, tropical forests, water, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal) and materials. The first report to the Club of Rome, The Limits to Growth, was published in 1972. It marked the beginning of modern environmental policy. The report highlighted the impossibility of sustaining exponential economic growth and its associated Resource Depletion (1). The environmental policy has change to other policy filed in the twenty-five years after Limits to Growth, as example as we have released that the plenty resources of coal in the world, we cannot fully exploited because of the climate Change. Despite this the threat of Resource Depletion is still continue. Focusing on the mineral oil during the first and second oil crises (1973-1974, 1979) has been replaced by a wider picture of resources including groundwater, energy, land, fertile soil, forests and fish stocks. One common aspect of these resources is their depletion may have economic repercussions. Causes of resource depletion: Excessive or unnecessary use of resources Non-equitable distribution of resources Overpopulation Slash and burn agricultural practices, currently occurring in many developing countries Technological and industrial development Erosion Irrigation Mining for oil and minerals. Types of resource depletion: Fossil fuels depletion: The fossil fuels are very important key for energy in the world and for modern economic, which is non-renewable resource that takes a million of years to create. The fuels are; oil, coal and natural gas. It is 86% of the world of global energy supplies nowadays. Fossil fuel helps to produce cheap energy that modern industries depend on it. It can be burned and producing significant amounts of energy per unit weight .Also, it is primary source of the cheap energy that powers our modern Industrial Civilization that depends on it such as; automotive Industry, steel Industry and transportation Industry. Nowadays we are facing a huge level crisis in energy. Any careful examination of the writings and papers of the worlds leading energy scientists will convince the reader of the validity of the fossil fuel energy crisis. The U.S. Department of Energy Projects tell us; the demand of fossil fuel energy will increase approximately 60% between 2006 and 2030 globally. The energy crisis is caused by the depletion of fossil fuels. From the graph you can see the depletion of world fossil fuels energy from 1900 to 2300. The Industrial civilization cannot exist without oil. The prices of the oil have drawn attention to the issue of the relative supply and demand for basic oil that has a central place in the modern economy. The Knowledge of petroleum geology has made great advances in recent years. It transpires that the bulk of the Worlds current production comes from deposits formed in two brief and exceptional epochs, 90 and 150 million years ago. This tells us that oil is a finite resource, which means that it is matter to depletion. Is the oil running out? Yes, we started when we produced the first drum. But Running Out is not the major issue as the resource will not be finally exhausted for very many years. The important question that we should have answered it is: when will production reach a peak and begin to decline? Gas depletion you can see from the graph the amount of natural gas used between 1965 and 2004. This is look as depletion because gas is burned much more quickly than it is formed. There are limited natural gas reserves. During the 40 year period, the gas equivalent of almost 60 billion tones of oil was used up. The region that used the most gas over this period was the United States, the Russian Federation, the Ukraine and Canada. Nearly all the natural gas that has been burnt as fuel was burnt during these forty years, and the years since. Until about 1965 natural gas from oilfields was often considered hopeless, so was disposed of by flaring. It has since been used widely, as a fuel. Water depletion: Water is other important resource for irrigation, drinking, cleaning and in every part of the global. There are too kind of water; Groundwater and surface water. The water depletion is very important issue after the fossil fuels depletion because of decreasing in clean and fresh water in some location and areas. The United Nations Global Environment Outlook have Four reports estimate, a third of the worlds current population will live in areas with water shortage by 2025, while the remaining two-thirds are expected to be under water stress that mean almost 2 billion people. That means there will be no enough water in the future for sustain agriculture, energy production, industry and domestic life at all. The groundwater is an important resource throughout the world for some country especially US; it supplies many of the human needs. It is the source of drinking water for about half the total population and nearly all of the rural population, and it provides over 50 billion gallons per day for agricultural needs in the United States. A lot of area in the United States they have groundwater depletion. What mean Groundwater depletion? Groundwater depletion is a term that defined as long-term water-level declines caused by sustained groundwater pumping, is a key issue linked with groundwater use. We can compare water stored in the ground with the money that kept in a bank account. Pumping water out of the ground faster than it is replenished over the long-term cause a problem. The volume of the storage water in the ground is decreasing in many areas especially in the United States because of pumping. Groundwater depletion is primarily caused by sustained groundwater pumping and pumping g roundwater at a faster rate than it can be recharged can have some negative effects of the environment and the people who use the water, such as: drying up of wells reduction of water in streams and lakes deterioration of water quality increased pumping costs land subsidence The chart shows monthly-mean water levels from 1964 to 2003 for a well in Cook County, sourthwest Georgia. The well is used for irrigation and public-supply purposes and offers a good visual representation of long-term groundwater declines due to excessive pumping7. Forest resources depletion: The Echo systems help sustains life for millions of species. It is the forests that provide a home for a large majority of the species alive. Therefore the most important species are trees in these forests. There are many benefits that we can get from forests some of these benefits are; cleaner drinking water, a home for plants and animals, economic growth, clean air, recreational opportunities, reassuring future. Also there is another benefit we can get from trees is called oxygen. We would not be able to live If there were no trees to give us oxygen to breath. So this is a very important reason to protect forest which is staying alive. Forests have many resources that people can use to raise their living standards. For example; the wood for building houses and paper making. Some wood materials last a long time so they keep the house warm and make it easy to manufacture homes. Unfortunately the overpopulation and the demand for a higher standard of living are constantly increasing. Therefore the demand for more resources is increasing to levels that cannot be sustained any more. Since forests provide a large of resources to the worlds, so many forests are cut down or burned, because human demand and greed Look around yourself right now and you will find a product within your reach that is made of wood. The cause for cutting down forests and depletion is directly associated to manufacture paper products and lumber for other manufacturing like furniture. We use wood for everything in our live. It is used in home building, furniture, marine products and the list seems like its endless. Not only wood is good building material, but also has great aesthetic qualities. Unfortunately we dont always take in to account how many trees need to be cut down so we can have luxuries furniture in our lives. Another direct cause for forest depletion is simply burning forests for farmland. Many poor farmers burn or cut small area from the forests in some countries so they can have room for farming and cattle, these countries are undeveloped and have tropical rainforests. But the problem in the big scale is created when thousands of square acres a year burned by huge corporate farms. They need this much area to provide farming on a much larger scale to compete in the world market for food. The reason forests are burned is due to the rich minerals fertility of the soil. Some farmers in undeveloped countries they dont have any education in how they can re-use the soil. So that the soil is use up and left as a desert, while they burn and cut more forest to make another farm. The Amazon rainforest which located in South America is the largest in the world has fallen to be victim of deforestations. Also, as another example of country that has fallen to be victim of deforestations is Brazils mar ket which is the third of all the Latin countries. The Brazils foreign debt, except in the most unlikely of positive economic conditions, is simply unsustainable in the further years. The economical pressure on a country is an additional cause that forces a country to deforestation such as the case in Brazil. The data shown from 1978 to 1988 that 230,000 square miles was affected from deforestation, by Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative (BSRSI). That is 16.5% of the entire rainforest in the Amazon. The farming is another example shows the cause of deforestation. Between 1990 and 2001 the percentage of Europes process meat imports that came from Brazil rise from 40 to 74 percent according to the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). By 2003 the growth in Brazilian cattle production-80% of which was in the Amazon-was mostly export driven, for the first time ever. As more roads are built to provide access to forests in undeveloped countries more deforestation will appear. As we side before about the benefit of the forests .We get a large part of our oxygen from plant such as trees and most of the trees live in forests. It is important for human to understand the problem with deforestation may have on our air quality. The gas that has an impact on the greenhouse effect is Carbon dioxide (CO2). There is a cycle between CO2 producers such as cars and CO2 consumers such as plants called the Global Carbon Cycle. The tropical forests hold 460-575 billion metric tons of carbon worldwide in the plants and soil. From 1850 to 1990 deforestation worldwide released 122 billion metric tons of carbon into the atmosphere, with the current rate being between 1.6 billion metric tons per year. Therefore deforestation plays a significant role in Global Warming and clean air. Also, another problem with deforestation is a decrease in biodiversity. The biodiversity is important for Ecosystem sustainability, agriculture, medicine and recreation, aesthetic and commercial val ue. There are about 5 to 80 million species that live on this world. The tropical rainforests are home to more than half of the species living in the world. After deforestation, many species cannot live and possibly go to extinct. For many resources we depend on these species, so their extension will take from us their benefits. The solution: For fossil fuel depletion: Renewable energy: Because what fossil fuel coal, oil and natural gas cause to our environment and because the scientist warn of decreasing of amount of fossil fuel. We need to use other sources to provide energy both for present and future generations. There are other alternative which give billions of people the energy they need more than that, it consider to be clean and low-carbon energy systems and they will never run out .these alternative are renewable energy such as solar energy ,wind power ,geothermal ocean energy, biomass and hydro energy. In this report we will concentrate in solar energy, wind power and hydropower which are clean sources and clean technologies. Different type of renewable energy varies according to the cost, local conditions and performance These sources of energy can replace fossil fuel. Reported from the European Renewable Energy Council 2004 said that renewable energy could provide the power needs, and supply 50% of the worlds energy by 2040. Not only have that, but renewable energy technologies dont produce greenhouse gases emissions and can addressed climate change. Japans Ministry has a study about the Environment; conclude that renewable energy could reduce greenhouse gas emissions to a level a 70% reduction by 2050. The graph below show the use of worldwide energy for all energy types .The Graph 2 show the expected future behavior by the EIA (Energy Information Administration) it shows that oil and coal will keep increasing. Nuclear power will increase but will not lead. While the condition of renewable energy is uncertain. They think that it capacity will explode. Graph 2: worldwide energy use by energy Type. Solar energy: Sunlight or solar energy sends out every day from the sun .is the most form of renewable energy. The usage of solar energy in renewable energy technology it either direct heat buildings and water and to generate electricity. or indirect because the heat from the sun cause the movement of the wind which we take benefit from it in wind power ,also it provide trees the main source to grow which used in biomass energy more than that sun light cause the evaporation which makes hydropower happen. The direct use of solar energy dont cause pollution in air or water more than that it is available everywhere on Earth. The light reaches us from the sun by two different radiation types. One of them reaches earths surface in an unbroken line which called direct, while the radiation that spread by clouds, dust, humidity and pollution is called diff. .so we have two technologies for the solar energy. One of them uses mirror to concentrate the direct radiation. PV cells and other solar technologies for diff radiation. Know if we want to ask ourselves why solar power? Because it doesnt bring co2 in one hour sun shine, the Earth receives more energy than human put away in whole year. Also, the Sun has enough helium mass to supply the Earth with energy for another five billion years. The Americas Department of Energy said that, if solar panels placed on 0.5% of USAs mainland landmass, it could grant for all of its electricity needs. It is true that solar energy is five times the fossil fuel price, but once it is applied it pay for it self The Environmental Impact of Solar energy technologies do not cause pollution, some thermal energy technologies need cooling by water, which can be recycled. Only small amounts of unsafe substances are formed in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells and CSP equipment. For the land required Most PV systems are installed on existing structures such as homes and buildings which doesnt need extra area . but CSP plants need large land, For example, One CSP plant near Las Vegas covers 400 acres and can produce 64 MW of electricity. Which is enough to power 15,000 homes annually. The cost of the solar energy decrease but it is still expensive. In U.S 2006 trade electricity prices for all sectors averaged 8 cents per kWh, and for housing electricity, the price averaged about 10 cents per kWh. But CSP systems generated electricity at a cost of 12 cents per kWh, while PV systems generated electricity for about 18 to 23 cents per kWh. PV systems usually generate more electricity during the hottest time as shown in the graph3 . And this is another advantage of solar energy. In Texas, the need is at peak in the summer because of air conditioning when the solar source is maximum. More than that, the most need for electricity is in the later afternoon period when existing solar energy is high. Graph 3: percentage of generate electricity by solar system among the year The Solar Electricity, to convert the solar energy to electricity. There are two ways which are photovoltaic and solar thermal systems. The name of Photovoltaic is from the words photo which means light and the word volt, the short of photovoltaic cells is PV cells or solar cells. Some example of PV which change sunlight into electricity in Solar-powered toys, calculators, and roadside lights as shown in the Figure1. Figure 1: PV cells The wide use of PV cells because it made from silicon material, it is the same material that makes up sand and it is the second most widespread material on earth. PV cells can provide power to anything that is powered by batteries or electrical power. Also because the transfer of sunlight into electricity happen silently and right away Solar Thermal Electricity, It has two names as well solar thermal systems and concentrated solar power (CSP), It also convert solar energy to electricity, but in a different way. This way need solar collector with mirror in order to gather the sunlight onto a receiver that heats a liquid. Then the hot liquid create steam to generate electricity in the same way of coal plants as shown in Figure 2. the usage of this type is wide .In Mojave Desert There are nine solar thermal power plants which create 360 MW of electricity. Figure 2: concentrated solar power Wind power What is the meaning of wind? Wind is the movement of air. When it happen? It happen when hot air moves up and cooler air swap it. The energy of moving air used long time ago in sailing and ext. Nowadays wind energy generates electricity by capturing the wind in wind turbines. How it happen? Wind power is in fact a form of solar power, it caused by heat that comes from the sun. Solar radiation causing the Earths surface to be warm and it heat the water, sand and stone at day time and it cool at bight. The hot air move up and that cause reduce in the atmospheric pressure near the surface of the earth which make the cooler air replace it. This movement called wind. The energy caused by the wind power is Clean and Renewable energy. It uses natural and infinite sources. More than that it doesnt cause pollution or waste The Energy caused by the wind is relative to the cube of wind velocity. The equation of wind power is the following: Power = density of air x swept area x velocity cubed , P =  ½.à Ã‚ .A.v3 velocity (v) is in m/s, at sea level (density of air is 1.2 kg/m3) the power density in the wind will range from 10W/m ² at 2.5m/s (a light breeze) to 41,000W/m ² at 40m/s (a hurricane). In general, wide areas have annual wind speeds below 3m/s this number is not useful for wind power system. For the area which have annual wind speeds more than 4.5m/s wind power will be economically useful. That why this source of energy is more economically practical in windy areas. In fact the energy which produced by a wind turbine can increase by 20% for each 10% increase in wind speed. The graph 4 below show that when wind speed increase the power output increase proportionally. Graph 4:the relationship between wind speed and power output. The world-wide require for wind turbines has been raising quickly over the last 15 years. In 2001 the wind energy industry set up 5,500 MW power generators. More than 24,000 MW of wind power is now expected to be in action around the world .the graph 5 below shows the increasing in depending on wind power throw the years. Graph 5: increasing of wind energy use. Turbines used to cover the demand of electricity. so , the size of the turbine enlarged from 100 kW to 1 MW of electricity generation power, even residential offshore as shown in the Figure 3 below. Figure 3: 2 MW Wind Turbines at 40 MW Offshore, Windfarm in Denmark. Hydropower The word Hydro means water. Moving water have energy and that what we call it Hydropower. Technology has made this energy to be able to change it to electricity. The force of Gravity, which attracts the objects and drags them down, it, pulls the water from high land to lower land. This water which falls down has a power. More than that, Water is a renewable source, because of the continuous cycle of evaporation and precipitation. But how this cycle happen? it always start from the sun , The heat of the sun reaches to water in the earth surface , and that lead to evaporation in ocean and other water surfaces and form clouds. After that the rain or snow falls down to earth, and drains into rivers and streams that run again to the ocean. As in the figure 4 .This moving water could power water wheels that operate mechanical processes, and captured by turbines and generators. The cycle of water is always there, it will not run out. Figure 4: water cycle. We imitate the natural behavior of moving water. By building dam in a river in order to capture the water, then it will formulate a big lake at the back of dam. We this lake is called a reservoir. When the water allowed moving by opening the dam it will run down and operate the huge wheels of turbine. From the power we get in this process we can generate electricity. Hydropower has more than 92 % among renewable energy as shown in graph 6 .It is commonly among developed countries around world. About 150 countries, nowadays there are around 2,000 dams in U.S only. Graph 6: amount of electricity generated from different types of renewable energy. In order to have continuous supply of electricity in an interconnected grid which rely in both wind and hydropower technologies. Hydropower can be used to cover for wind power and vice versa. That means when there is no wind, we can depend on hydropower. Also when there is low water period we can use wind to generate power usually generated by the hydropower systems. For water depletion: Why save water? Many people say, we dont have t consider water lost because water is covering 71% of the earth. However, most people dont know that this percent dividend to 1% for freshwater, 97% is too salty for human use, and the rest is frozen, and Figure 5 show how hard it is to find freshwater on earth ether it is ground water or iced. This sum up the 1/3 of the worlds population is already facing problems due to both water shortage and poor drinking water quality, and the UNESCO has predicted that by 2020 water shortage will be a serious worldwide problem. So, who is responsible to save water? Farmers, governments, engineers and people, they all play an important role to save water. Figue 5: Water distribution on earth in precentage. Governmental efforts: Some governments around the world developed an environmental policies and guidelines, some of them is provide water efficiency regulation. Their main policy is to sustain natural recourse such as water, and any sustainable development that serves future generations economically, environmentally, and socially. Examples for these organizations: The Australian National Water Quality Management Strategy (NWQMS) The Indian Ministry of Water Resources. The Quà ©bec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks U.S. Green Building Council The UNICEF Estidam Water sector in the United States USGS UN-HABITAT The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc All of these organizations tend to improve the sustainable developments in their regions. Sustainable water There are soo many ways to sustain water, and we are going to discuses some of the known methods to maintain water. Reclaimed water: Is a term used for recycling water. Rather than dispose wastewater -sewage and greywater-, reuse it in non-potable uses, such as irrigation, dust control, and fire suppression. However, this reclaimed water need to follow up in some procedure to make it applicable to use. Wastewater treatment process, it is the process of removing physical, chemical and biological contaminants from sewage and wastewater through physical, chemical, and biological processes, to manufacture an environmentally safe fluid suitable for disposal or reuse. And from figure 6 we can study the treatment process: Preliminary Treatment It is a physical process by using devices to remove or cut out large objects such as inorganic solids, oil and greases; to protect pumping equipment and facilitate subsequent treatment processes from damage these object can do. Examples for these devices: Screens Comminuting devices (shredders , cutters, grinders) Grit chambers Preparation tanks   And chlorination is needed in preliminary treatment.   Primary Treatment After Preliminary process, some suspended solids still contained by the treatment water, it is removed by physical process of sedimentation through a sedimentation tanks which hold the treatment water for 2 or 3 hours, and the suspended solids -sludge- settle on the tank are removed with mechanical scrapers and pumps. And the floating sludge are removed by surface skimming equipment. Secondary Treatment In this stage a microorganisms are involved to remove dissolved organic matter from what remained in the wastewater. These microorganisms feed on organic matter from sewage as their energy supply. Final Treatment In the final treatment chorine is add to remove all pollutants from the water, and the product is usable water. Figure 6: Waste-water treatment process. Solar desalination Desalination is a method to remove salt and minerals from water (ocean). Solar is referring to the energy used for this process. There are two types of solar desalination: Reverse Osmosis Its a simple operation of water desalination, through applying pressure to the sea water in one side of the system through a membrane and salt is essentially filtered, with a mathematical. This method used in large-scale desalination implementations where electricity is less costly. Here, solar energy is collected and converted into electrical or mechanical energy to initiate the process. From figure 7 we can explore the process. Figure 7: Reverse Osmosis process The solar humidification-dehumidification (HDH): Also called the solar multistage condensation evaporation cycle (SMCEC) or multiple-effect humidification (MEH), is a technique that simulates the natural water cycle on a shorter time frame by evaporating using solar energy (sun) and condensing water to separate it from other substances. And the condensed water is collected in a chamber. As shown in figure 8. Figure 8: the HDH process Rainwater harvesting Is a very simple system of collecting rainwater before it reaches the aquifer through the storm water harvesting, which is a surface especially prepared for this purpose, such as buildings roof, and ground; to reuse it as drinking water, irrigation, water for livestock, and any other apply. However, this system is not suitable for every where, where it is used in areas with an average rainfall greater than 200  mm/ year. first water is collected via the storm water harvest (roof), then transfer through gutters and pipes which includes sufficient incline to avoid standing water, and strong to carry large amount of rainwater. Storage tanks should be covered to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce evaporation losses, contamination and algal growth. Figure 9 conclude the procedure. Figure 9: Rainwater harvesting system For forest depletion: Why save forest? Cities, massive projects, farmlands, factories, firewood, tables, books, newspaper à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. What is there origin? Forest. Through history human activities destroyed and deforest the forest around the world, cities such as Ur, Uruk, and Babylon contributed deforestation massively of surrounding areas, which are forest. Agriculture, in the other hand, was one of the main reasons of forest deforestation, in order to use it to harvest. So why we should concern about forest and protect it? Well, if there is no forest, there is no trees and plant, no trees no species, no ecosystem, and no reduction of carbon sinks; which lead to a bigger problem known as global warmingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Facts: once forests covered14% from land surface; and now they cover only 6%, and if it is keeping in that track its going to be more decrease in this percentage, as the Forest transition theory Predicts, as shown in Graph 7. Graph 7: The forest transition theory Because of the massive developing and industry, every 1 sec there is a loss of about one and one-half acres of rainforest. The major authorities to blame are governments, multi-national logging companies, and land owners. <